Fundamental Attribution Error free essay sample

The human instinct is a fascinating liable to contemplate, every individual has their own particular manner of seeing things in their own viewpoint or methods of convincing others, so as to comprehend their own life’s. Major attribution blunder being one significant idea, this clarifies a people conduct, how an individual can disparage conditions yet overestimate ones qualities. For instance if a man didn’t keep the door open for lady when strolling into a store, the lady behind him may reason that man doesn’t have habits or is uncivil. That lady intruded on the circumstance in her viewpoint without considering situational factors, for example, he may have been running late or he didn’t notice someone else behind him. Individuals will judge principally on their involvement in that person without thinking about different factors or putting their selves in their circumstance. A significant scientist known as Milgram, he tested the requests of expert on compliance, and how far are individuals ready to fit in with orders. We will compose a custom paper test on Crucial Attribution Error or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Milgram examinations social consistence and submission toward predominant in his analysis. In the investigation there is a student, instructor and overseer, every one of whom assume a significant job in the trial. The instructor is the one giving the inquiries to the student and if the student finds the solution wrong the educator is committed to stun the student. The manager has the power to advise the instructor to expand the level on the stun generator. At the point when the student proceeds find a solution off base the stuns get more grounded from 15 to 450 volts thus the student won't proceed in light of the fact that he can't suffer any longer agony. The instructor follows the orders given by chairman to prop up regardless of whether the student is harmed. Milgram try was fruitful and exhibits how individuals obey to speak to helpfulness or by dread regardless of whether it conflicts with better judgment. The idea of central attribution blunder and Milgram’s look into on acquiescence plays a significant job in David’s reaction to his history teacher’s question to why such huge numbers of German individuals consented to Hitler’s request to methodicallly butcher a great many honest Jews. David’s reaction being, â€Å"because German’s were curiously pitiless, perverted individuals with strange and bent characters. † The major attribution blunder in David’s reaction is the point at which he punished everyone in the German populace for being all unfeeling, vicious, unusual and turned characters. He utilized Germans conduct as a critical factor as their outside mien to pass judgment on all Germans for their activities. Likewise in David’s reaction, the German populace was answerable for the mischief to the Jewish people group, in spite of the fact that Hitler was the prime chief and impacted the flare-up of the Nazi Party. Hitler’s initiative represents an extraordinary case of Milgram’s explore, of maltreatment of intensity and submission in German culture. Milgram uncovers how individuals, in this circumstance German residents obeyed to more significant position authority either on account of dread or joint effort. David couldn't see the underlining causation of Germany’s bad form, in spite of the fact that this is regular act, individuals are generally constrained to unrightfully conditions and overestimating individuals.

Music Buisness Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Music Buisness Plan - Assignment Example Revenue driven elements significant partners incorporate clients and financial specialists while in non-benefit elements key partners are benefactors. Then again, strategies that are inside centered leave around accomplishing middle of the road objectives to arrive at outer destinations. Organization portrayal Due to the expanded need by people to take part in wellbeing support programs offered by different SPA habitats, my Idea is to build up a music organization that will guarantee sufficient unwinding and pleasure with the SPA communities. On the Beat Company (OBC) will leave on creating Rhythm and Blues (R&B) music. Along these lines, the organization targets giving different class of music that make up the contemporary (R&B) music that incorporates funks among others. Along these lines, the organization targets both the old and youthful customers who visit the focuses. To extend its capital base, OBC will work as a restricted organization. Thusly, it will draw in more fi nancial specialists who will be engaged at contributing a critical cash-flow to get high profits. OBC statement of purpose is to give top notch diversion that will guarantee it profit by the growing music industry over the world. Item and administrations As referenced before, OBC set out on delivering (R&B) music. Do to the appeal of this kind of music particularly among the youngsters, the organization is engaged at extending its wellsprings of income by taking part in different salary producing exercises that are identified with the music business as laid out in this segment. Ringtones OBC will give a chance to guarantee that our clients can buy in for ringtones in month to month bases. Each ringtone will cost US$1. With the association of a neighborhood versatile organization, OBC will give a system that will smooth out the sharing of benefits created by the month to month memberships from our clients. In view of the high number of our clients who possesses cell phones, OBC w ill create a lot of assets that will improve our extension. Selling of collections In request to guarantee that our clients can normally make the most of our administrations in the wellbeing places and back in their homes, OBC will likewise leave on selling its collections in the nearby and global market. Selling and stacking of glimmer circles In the contemporary world, people who have PCs like to tune in to a wide scope of music while undertaking their obligations. In such manner, OBC will set out on offering streak circles to our customers and afterward stacking them with music at an expense. So as to accomplish an upper hand, OBC will use cell phones, Ipods and social destinations, for example, twitter and face book to speak with our clients. As the quantity of customers who visit the SPA habitats increment step by step, we expect our client base to grow accordingly expanding our complete deals. Promoting plan The new innovation in the music business has come about into a solid rivalry that has constrained numerous organizations to leave from the conventional lines that made divisions among the craftsmen and recording organizations among different partners. Similarly, the development of music organizations has been upgraded because of broad advertising and limited time methodologies through free administrations, for example, you tube, face book and twitter. One of

The Success Of The Kong Hong Crossover Film - Free Essay Example

Chapter 1 Introduction Preface The purpose for this dissertation is to discover what is crossover film and what makes the crossover film a success. The cinema of Hong Kong has consider as the pioneer of chinese language movie. Especially between the 1970à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 1990à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s, most of movie fans will be familiar with names like Bruce Lee, Jackie Chan, John Wu from Hong Kong cinema. The reason why these movie star become so popular because they produce a lot of martial art film during that time. And then these martial art film brought to the western audiences. In fact, A lot of english speaking country or european start to aware of asian movie in that time. However, the English audiences might consider these martial art film as the crossover film. The English audiences think these martial art film as the crossover probably because these martial art film come with simple plot. The story are quite easy to understand for them such as the good and evil character. So the audienes are not nessesary to understand what the character speaking. Therefore, there is no language boundary when the english audiences watch it. In my research, these martial arts films in the past does not count as the crossover film. I would say the crossover film is relate to several elements which is culture references, co-production, company investment, audiences expectation, marketing, etc. Research background Back to Hong Kong cinema, The cinema of Hong Kong is one of the major movie industry in the Chinese language speaking cinema. Before 1997, Hong Kong was a colony of Britain and therefore Hong Kong had a greater freedom on economic and political than mainland China. Even in film industry, The censorship system in Mainland China have a very strHYPERLINK https://cdict.net/q/straightict rule. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ Hong Kong filmmakers either steered away from criticzing China or did so in oblique ways à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“(Clara Lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Farewell China,1989. P.127: Bordwell, 2000). Therefore, the Hong Kong film maker can barely sell their film or have to re-produce another verison to adapt the market in China. On the other hand, the America or other Euro country censorship syetem are vary widely than China. And a lot of Hong Kong film producers try to sell their films to some western country. But I think it was not that easy for the very beginning because the western audiences probab ly havenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t seen any kind of asian movie before. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“European and North American audiences have never been particularly interested in Asian cinema, Apart from the occasional exotic import and anime.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (D. Bordwell, 2003, P. 83) During the 1970s, the matrial art /Ku fung film become one of the major theme in Hong Kong. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Golden Harvest was the top studio, signing up Jackie Chan, the kung fu comedy actor-filmmaker who would spend the next twenty years as Asias biggest box office drawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Chan and Yang, 1998, P.  164à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"165: Bordwell, 2000). However, during the 1990à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s. there was a industry crisis because of the Asian financial crisis and also the illegal copy and download over the internet. However, there was a few local film receive a huge success even it was a hard time for film industry by that period. Those are the film that I am going to cover in my research. Chapter 2 What is crossover film? 2.1 Chapter introduction In this chapter, I will be discuss how we define crossover film especially the film made in Hong Kong. Also, Hong Kong produced a lot of martial art or action movie during the late 1980à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s and early 1900à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s. And Thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s probably relate to the politcal and society problem. It might be represent the identity of Hong Kong movie as the martial art film from the english audiences. And I want to find out why they have this thought. Apart from these martial art film, do they know other films that made in Hong Kong? 2.2 Hong Kong movie = Ku fung ? The Martial art movie can be chase back to 1930à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s originally. And the Chinese people called it à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Wuxiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? film, the term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Wuxiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? is based on some fictional Chinese novel and always use of the old chinese dynasty as the background. The features of these à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Wuxiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? characters always appear with sword as the weapon and come with superpower. The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Wuxiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? film probably the most popular genre in the early cinema of Mainland China. I think the Chinese audiences need this kind of topic in the cinema such as heroic and myth after the post-war period. However, the chinese government strongly disapprove à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Wuxiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? film in China as the subject matter is over superstition and violence. And some Hong Kong movie producer try to bring action movie to Hong Kong audiences in the late 1930à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s. The reason is Hong Kong had a superior level of freedom as the social culture and economy development during the colony era. That was the competitive advantage for Hong Kong could produce some action film but Mainland China. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“In the British colony of Hong Kong, which had since 1950à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s transformed itself from an entreport to an industial city, the 1960à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s was also a period of rapid economic growth and social turmoilà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Po Shek fu and David Desser, P.71: Cambridge university press, 2000). Therefore, I believe the martial arts movie has became popular start by the late 1960à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s. The Martial arts movies still feature à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Wuxiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? style in the early Hong Kong cinema. However, there was some significant change in the Hong Kong cinema during the 1970à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s. I think the first time to allow western audiences to get to know about Hong Kong movies is the master of martial arts Bruce Lee return to Hong Kong cinema. Bruce Lees career achievement as well as cultural aspects of the film have an influence, he not only open the gate for the Chinese to first enter Hollywood, but also created his own philosophy on martial arts Jeet Kune Do. And make Action movies become one of the mainstream genres in Hong Kong. The early co-production with hollywood (Warner Bros) and Hong Kong (Golden Harvest) was à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Enter the Dragonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? in 1973. It was also the first time Hong Kong attempt to break into western audiences market. The film combined the traditional Kung fu and James bond action style genres. It wasnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t really successful for the first breakthrough with western audiences because Lee dead in 1973. And then the action movie production seem to be lay low for while. This situation change until Golden Harvest studio sign up Jackie Chan as the action movie star. Jackie Chan as early as 1982 when it began to break into the Hollywood market, but he does not run smoothly into the international road. His first foray into the international market film called Cannonball Run. Unfortunately at the box office failure, And then after many years later Jackie took the first Hollywood movie Rush Hour which made him become popular in Hollywood. During the 70à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"early 90à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s, Hong Kong exported a lot of local movie to western country. In my opinon, I think the western audiences probably consider the early Hong Kong action movie as the crossover film. But I think these action movies just the films that made in Hong Kong. Therefore, I m going to look for the real definition for crossover film in next paragraph. 2.3 The definition of crossover film In fact, I canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t find any book that mention about the term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“crossover filmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? during my research. However, I found some other sourse over the internet to explain what is crossover film. Also I will use my own understanding to outline the definition of crossover film through the research. When I start typing the word à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“crossover filmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? on google search engine. I found this web blogger called Pardesi over the internet and talk about what he/she thinks about crossover film. This blogger Pardesi make a compare between two successful crossover films which is Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon and Slumdog Millionaire in the blog entry. Pardesi suggest that the definition of crossover film à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Such films go beyond the traditional markets in the home country, or already exploited by films from the country, and usually end up making a lot of money.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Pardesi, (2010). In my opinion, I think Pardesi only suggest c rossover film more concern by marketing way. However, I believe crossover film can be relate many different elements apart from marketing. Firstly, I think it can separate into two parts which is the crossover film itself and the production. The crossover film itself can develop to culture, actor, and audiences expectation, and narrative structure. And the production element can define as company investment, finanical, special effect, and film location or studio. I think culture represent a lot within the crossover film because it can show some of the local element to western audiences. Also, it probably involve different actor from different coutry or speak different language. And the most important one is audiences expectation, the western audiences might expect to see something where the local film specialize at , or something they probably wont see from the english movie. for example, Martial art, high population or modern city scene. The second part to define crossover film is about production. firstly, it might involve western company to invest Hong Kong movie and re-packaging the film to be come suitable western marketing. Even finanical support is key element as produce a crossover film. Some western film production company might already own their advanced technology to create some imaginary scenes. However, these are just the thoughts come from my research. I will be provide some evidences to proof these elements are relevant. 2.4 Chapter summary This chapter has mainly introduced the theories and article which relevant in this research. It can give some idea to the reader about the crossover film. Also have the primary understanding about the marketing side and production side of the crossover film. In next chapter, I will discuss more about the elements which make the crossover film success. Chapter 3 The Crossover films 3.1 Chapter introduction The purpose of this chapter is to use three significant crossover films as the example. And then I will discuss the key elements which bring them to become sucessfull around the global. The films I will be focus on Kung Fu Hustle(2004), The film saved Hong Kong film industrial during the global economic crisis and the local film industrial decline. The second film I will look at is Rush Hour (1998), see how the western audiences expectation change from crossover film. Finlly, I will discuss how cross-movies in the western region of Hong Kongs success, rather than in Hong Kong by using à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? 3.2 Crossover to international à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Stephen Chowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ Kung Fu Hustleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? During the late 90à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s, hong kong movie industrial met a several crisis. The internet technology was developing extremely fast. People start sharing the movie over the internet, or even purchase the illegal movie DVD copies rather than go to the cinema . Some movie production studio find it difficult to maintain the movie production as the box office decline. However, Hong Kong actor Stephen chow seem to be saved this crisis for Hong Kong movie industrial. Hong Kongs population is 7,061,200. As a small population and economic decline region, Some Hong Kong movie studio find it hard to survive. Therefore, they can only rely on producing some low budget film to maintain the business. Nevertheless, the cinema of Hong Kong still find the way to survive from mainland China and international market. Kung Fu Hustle 2004 is a one of the great successful example. The film recieve highly positive result. Before Kung Fu Hustle, there are several film which co-production with Columbria studio. Howeve, these film have failed at the box office because they remain a little local flavour. The western audiences probably more familiar with one of the most popular actor in Hong Kong Stephen Chow. He created his own comedy style on acting called à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Mo lei tauà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? , this term can be referred to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Silly talkà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“During an interview with Stephen Chow for his 2006 Asian Invasion season, the BBCs film critic Jonathan Ross referred to the genre as Silly Talk, a label that Chow was happy to accept.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Wikipedia. 2011. Mo lei tau), the interview also avalible on YouTube(Asian Invasion Episode 2 Part 2) . Stephen Chow produced the first film à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Shaolin Soccerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? which break through the western market. However, the second film Kung Fu Hustle Stephen Chow became an international success. Columbia pictures impressed by stephen previous film Shaolin Soccer and wanted to provide finanical support to Stehpen. As a result, Stehpen came up the new idea on the film Kung Fu Hustle in 2004. Stephen Chow also is an actor himself, he started his acting career from a local television. In early 1990à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s, he began to making film with his Mo lei tau comedy style. But this kind of acting style only limited to cantonese speakers understanding. Therefore, Stephen tried not to put too much Mo lei tau acting style in Kung Fu Hustle, and used the CGI and pop culture references instead. In addition, Stephen co production with Columbria studio and several film studio in mainland China. In my opinion, I think such as this kind of collaboration with western movie studio is quite benefit to Hong Kong film industrial. The reason is western movie studio has already built up a very mature technique on film production. Also, they developed some advance computer graphic during the editing part. This is a great improvement on visual effect for the Hong Kong film, so the CGI technology can perform the scene that impossible become possible. For example, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Kung Fu Hustleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? refer a lot of superhuman ability combine with martial art. During the interview with BBC, Stephen said this kind of technology did a great help for his film, but he insist to put CGI graphic as the assistant role for the film. I agree what Stephen says because it wonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t lose the originality with martial art element. Also, the CGI effect just play a little role that make western audiences easier accept the film rather than produce the stereotype martial art movie. The western audiences probably have seen a lot different martial art film from the past. Furthermore, the Hollywood production system more focus on quality rather than quantity. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Hollywood directors count themselves lucky to make a film every three yearsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦In the late 1990s Andre Lau( Hong Kong director) was directing as many as 4 films per year.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (David B, P.  117 2003). In such a condition, I think hong kong filmmaker can only produce some low budget film and lack of idea on creating some stunning story. Therefore, I reckon the collaboration between western film studio and Hong Kong film maker which is quite benefit to Hong Kong film to break through western market. Apart from big company support, Stephen Chow also wanted try some new element into the film such as put a several American pop culture in different scenes. These references including Road Runner à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Wile E. Coyote and Road Runnerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? , and a dance scene which refer to Amercian musical à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“West side storyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and the horror scene à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Shingingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?1908. When I look at some Hong Kong movie in the past, I think they cant become mainstream movie in western country because the film is more focus on local audiences taste. Only some of the popular martial art or action movie can be sell to western. Beside, the western audiences only understand because these film content involve simple plot such as bad character get beat up by the good character. It might be already label that Hong Kong movie represent martial art or kung fu in some sence. Therefore, I believe the way to make western audiences re-consider Hong Kong movie not just another martial art or action film could be consider to put some western pop culture. This is not only reduce the language boundry, but also bring up some new element to the film. 3.3 Cultural cross-over movieà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Rush Hourà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Even Stephen Chowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s gain a hugh success from western market. There is still some movie fans not quite fancy foreign film. Especially the film is based on chinese language. According to producer Terence Chang à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A lot of Hong Kong films have things that I think American audiences canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t accept.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? D. Bordwell (P.19 ,2000) In 1998, Jackie Chan finally arrived to Hollywood. Chanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Rush hourà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? series become at Rank #1 at the North American box-office with a weekend gross of $33 million in September 1998 (figure on Appendix -1) Which is unexpected result for foreign film. I would say the Martial Art combine buddy movie opened the gate for crossover film. The movie applied the buddy film style like the hollywood film normally use. In Rush Hour, it is about a Chinese inspector and American detective. The character James Carter (Chris Tucker) keeps the American comedy element in the film, and Inspector Lee (Jackie Chan) remain his action scenes throughout the movie. I think the audiences have never seen the buddy film like this before which bring a lot of new visual elements to them. However, Jackie Chan reveal on his official blog that he didnt really like the film and he felt very disappointed. Chan Said, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“I felt the style of action was too Americanized and I didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t understand the American humor.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Which I consider the film might suitable for western audiences rather than local audiences. In à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Rush Hourà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? series, there are a lot of jokes which based on minority racial stereotypes in Amer ican society. I think that makes the film easier to get accepted by majority white audiences. The two character portray totally different personality. Carter portray as a loud, speak with high pitch, impulsive, childish Black man who often causing trouble, Lee is a respectful Asian man who good at Kung Fu. According to King (2002) points out that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"reduce any threat created by the spectacle of a seemingly dominating Black characterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (p. 149).These features of both characters become likeable for the western audiences. In Bar fighting scene, Lee says à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Whats up my Niggerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? to the bartender because Carter said that to the African customer. But Lee doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t understand the wordà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Niggerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? is a racist word to African. I think the director uses quite a lot this kind of jokes in the film to reflect the culture differences from society. In contrast with Jackie Chanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s earlier Hong Kong action movie. He represented as a masculinity and tough character most of the time. But in à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Rush Hourà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, character Lee who always wanted help the FBI to solve the case. And the FBI try to use character Carter to send Lee away. Altough White Character involved small role in this film. I think the director still want White character to portray as important position in the film. 3.4 Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (Crouching Tiger was very well received in the Western world, however Crouching Tiger was widely dismissed as just another wuxia film among many others in asia.) Chapter 4 Research Methodology 4.1 Chapter introduction The purpose of the primary research provide the basic level of understanding for the researcher. I will use questionnaire during the primary research. The questionnaire will be conducted ten questions which indicate the western audiences interest on crossover film. The result will indicate the future trends for crossover film. This chapter will be described how the methodology adopt and analysis research question. Furthermore, this chapter is going to explain the research design, research location, sampling design and data collection process, survey instrument, and ethical issue. 4.2 Research processes Primary research: Survey ÃÆ'  Questionnaire by Student/Internet users ÃÆ'  Collect from: Northampton/ linking the questionnaire on facebook ÃÆ'  Analyze results In primary research, it will be carry out a questionnaire research. According to Ticehurst, Gregory W (2000: P.135) defined a questionnaire survey is the way to collect information from individual by using a set of question. Therefore, I believe the first to do is focus on what type of information and respondent are looking for. Then start to think about an appropriate questions for the research. The primary research will only take 10% part of this dissertation. The reason is I am hoping to get about medium size of response rate from that. Here is the brief descript type of questionnaire survey will be use: Type of questionnaire Cost Length of questionnaire Response rate Street/University/Internet Low Short Medium 4.3 Research Location The questionnaire survey is taken place from the three locations in Northampton which are the Abbeyfield school , Northampton town center and University of Northampton. The reason of chosen these place to research because it can save time to traveling different places which far way from Northampton. Further more, it can widely spread collecting the data over the internet. 4.4 Survey Instrument Development The questionnaire (Appendix). There are 3 parts of the questionnaire. The first part is about personal information such as age, gender. this is designed to collect the demographic data of the respondents. Then, the second part is about the respondentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s knowledge on crossover film. That is to collect the information about how much respondent know about crossover film. Finally, the third part is about respondentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s interest on crossover film. And that is designed to what sort element the respondent like so I can provide the recommendation for the future crossover film. 4.5 Ethic Issue in Research The protection for the respondentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s information is one of the most important thing in the research. In à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Doing your research projectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, According to the Judith Bell (2005: 51) the researcher can follow two things to maintain the respondentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s right when they carry out a research. 1.) Keep the participant innominate. 2.) Treat all the information as confidential file which from the respondent. However, My questionnaire is based on personal opinion rather than personal details. Therefore, I suppose my research will not meet any ethical issue. Chapter 5 Conclusion 5.1 The future for the crossover film 5.2 Conclusion Appendix Part -1 Rush Hour Domestic Total Gross: $141,186,864 Distributor: New Line Release Date: September 18, 1998 Genre: Action Comedy Runtime: 1 hrs. 37 min. MPAA Rating: PG-13 Production Budget: $33 million 1998 Date (click to view chart) Rank Weekend Gross % Change Theaters Change / Avg. Gross-to-Date Week # Sep 18à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"20 1 $33,001,803 2,638 $12,510 $33,001,803 1 Sep 25à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"27 1 $21,202,929 -35.8% 2,643 +5 $8,022 $64,037,138 2 Oct 2à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"4 3 $14,492,122 -31.7% 2,701 +58 $5,365 $84,014,663 3 Oct 9à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"11 2 $11,105,465 -23.4% 2,701 $4,111 $98,382,886 4 Oct 16à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"18 4 $8,247,411 -25.7% 2,724 +23 $3,027 $109,911,590 5 Oct 23à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"25 6 $5,860,347 -28.9% 2,602 -122 $2,252 $117,284,969 6 Oct 30à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"Nov 1 6 $3,799,380 -35.2% 2,402 -200 $1,581 $122,428,446 7 Nov 6à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"8 10 $3,322,424 -12.6% 2,043 -359 $1,626 $127,044,896 8 Nov 13à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"15 11 $1,866,524 -43.8% 1,615 -428 $1,155 $129,829,673 9 Sources from: https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=rushhour.htm Part -2 I am a student from University of Northampton. I am going to conduct a survey about the Crossover film that made in Hong Kong. I would be grateful if you could finish this questionnaire. Your honest view is taken with highly to appreciate. All the information in the questionnaire will be kept confidential for analysis only. Thank you very much. (Please tick the appropriate box) Gender à ¢Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚ ¡ Male à ¢Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚ ¡ Female Age à ¢Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚ ¡ 15 ~ 25 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚ ¡ 25 ~ 35 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚ ¡ 35~ 45 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚ ¡ 45 ~ above Do you know any of these asian movie stars from below? à ¢Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚ ¡ Jackie Chan à ¢Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚ ¡ Bruce Lee à ¢Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚ ¡ Jet Li à ¢Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚ ¡ Stephen Chow à ¢Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚ ¡ Andy Lau à ¢Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚ ¡ Tony Leung à ¢Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚ ¡ Other ________________ Have you ever watched any other films that has been made in Hong Kong? à ¢Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚ ¡ Yes à ¢Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚ ¡ No à ¢Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚ ¡ Not sure if the film is made in Hong Kong 5. How often do you watch Hong Kong movies? à ¢Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚ ¡ Daily à ¢Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚ ¡ Weekly à ¢Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚ ¡ Monthly à ¢Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚ ¡ Occasionally 6. Do you think Hong Kong movies representing martial arts? à ¢Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚ ¡ Yes à ¢Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚ ¡ No à ¢Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚ ¡ Not sure Do you understand what the story is about when you watch crossover films? If the film is using original Chinese language, just subtitles. (such as these films for example) Shaolin soccer, kung fu hustle, Internal affairs, In the mood for love à ¢Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚ ¡Yes à ¢Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚ ¡No 8. Do you prefer to see the actor you familiar with from Hong Kong movie? à ¢Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚ ¡Yes à ¢Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚ ¡ No What sort of things do you expect to see when you watch a Hong Kong movie? à ¢Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚ ¡Kung Fu fighting à ¢Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚ ¡Action movie star à ¢Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚ ¡Local culture à ¢Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚ ¡Comedy Would you recommend friends to watch film that made in Hong Kong? à ¢Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚ ¡Yes à ¢Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚ ¡No

The Effects Of Hip Hop Music On Adolescents - 862 Words

Effects of Hip-Hop Music on Adolescents Music is a significant part of the lives of most people all over the world. In the United States, people listen to more than 25 hours each week [1]. Hip-hop makes up a large percentage of adolescent music genre preference. It goes without saying that this overwhelming presence of music in the lives of so many people will have a psychological effect on American culture and our way of life. But how exactly is Hip Hop affecting us psychologically and culturally? The effects of music videos on adolescences have been the subject of controversy for decades. The common reason for the concern has been appropriately summed by Arnett (a Research Professor of Psychology at Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts), who explained, women are used as props for the illusive life the music video is portraying the artist to have. The concern that hip-hop culture, as seen in music videos, has become heavily influential on young people’s views of sexuality. The concern about mainstream hip-hop music and music videos sexualizing women, in particular, is so omnipresent, many can even be referenced as â€Å"rape culture† by embedded sexual violence in the lyrics being disguised as pleasurable elements of hip-hop. The Kaiser Family Foundation in the year 2001 reported that teenagers rank entertainment media as the main source for information about sexuality and sexual health [3]. Descriptive language and sexual imagery in music videos directly affectShow MoreRelatedTaking a Look at Hip Hop1272 Words   |  5 Pagesgot where it started So we all gather here for the dearly departed† (NAS, Hip hop is dead), Since the 1920s, America has been the setting for a progressive Black Arts Movement. This African-American cultural movement has taken shape in various genres, gaining mass appeal, this cultural arts movement has stayed set upon its original purpose and direction, by aiding in cultural identity awareness. Hip Hop is a genre of music that has really grown the last couple of decades. Its increased popularityRead MoreThe Music Of The Hip Hop1412 Words   |  6 PagesThe Hip Hop is basically a cultural movement that originated in the Suburbs of cities. It was began to evolve in 1970 and in particular by the Americans who of African descent (American Africans) . Rap is a type of singing. It combines the performance of different rap utter words without committing to a particular tune, and rhythm. Rap began in Kingston, Jamaica City at the end of the sixties as a kind new musical was derived from dancehall. It has spread in the United States at the beginning ofRead MoreRap Music : Influence On Violent Behavior1379 Words   |  6 PagesRAP MUSIC’S INFLUENCE ON VIOLENT BEHAVIOR IN AFRICAN AMERICAN MALES: A REVIEW Kaland Farrow Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical University  RAP MUSIC’S INFLUENCE ON VIOLENT BEHAVIOR IN AFRICAN AMERICAN MALES: A REVIEW Rap music is derived from Hip Hop culture which is deeply rooted in the African American community. The word, rap, has a Middle English origin. Originally, rap means to beat or strike. Beginning in the 1960s, African Americans gave the word another definition. In the black communityRead MoreEssay on The Exploitation and Objectification of Women in Rap1184 Words   |  5 Pagesmajor problem that to date has not been eradicated, but it is actually being endorsed by some music celebrities. There are a growing number of people who purchase rap albums that support the fallacy that women are mere objects and should be treated as such. As the popularity of rap continues to climb at unprecedented rates, so too does its influence on the perception of women. In the vast majority of hip-hop songs, the depiction of women as sexual objects, the extreme violence directed towards themRead MoreThe Negative Portrayal of Women in Hip Hop and Rap Music Essay1239 Words   |  5 Pagesbeat-boxer in ra p music today, has been quoted saying, â€Å"Hip-hop is supposed to uplift and create, to educate people on a larger level and to make a change.† Although this is the original intention of hip-hop music, public opinion currently holds the opposite view. Since the 1970’s musical artists have changed the face of hip-hop and rap and worldwide, people – mostly teens—have been striving to emulate certain artists and their lyrics, which has created negative stereotypes for hip-hop music and also forRead MoreEssay about Rap. Simply Music, or Something More?683 Words   |  3 Pagesmet with resistance of some kind, and the adoption of rap music into the entertainment industry is no different. There are an innumerable amount of viewpoints on whether rap music is to be admonished for the objectification of and disrespect towards women or simply accepted as another expression of modern society. Even those these two opposing viewpoints are vastly different, there are opportunities for those who listen to this type of music to develop their intelligence on the various topics discussedRead MoreBlack Women’s Role in Popular Culture: An Analysis of The Venus Hip Hop and the Pink Ghetto1155 Words   |  5 Pagesto world issues and politics. Music, movies, and literature have started cultural revolutions and challenged the straight-forward thinking many individuals have accepted in the past. But while popular culture can advance new ideas and create movements, it also has the ability to challenge advancements society has made. Imani Perry’s essay, The Venus Hip Hop and the Pink Ghetto, focuses on hip hop and its negative impact on women and body image. In The Venus Hip Hop and the Pink Ghetto, Imani PerryRead MoreHow Hip Hop Is The Rapid Development Of Its Lexicons Essay2002 Words   |  9 Pagestheir way into mainstream media through Hip Hop music. The creation of these words stems from the youth feeling the need to label their realities with new expressions and phrases that represent ideas, activities and new ponderings. Hip hop was at one point, was limited to urban American music and dance, but is now a prominent culture around the globe. Hip Hop was not the first genre of music that influenced the youth and culture, Rock ‘n’ Roll had the same effect on language, and held its own set ofRead MoreIs Chicago A Serious Problem?1641 Words   |  7 Pageshigh rates of crime in certain areas of Chicago and other parts of the country is hip hop. Over the years, hip hop has regressed, and its meaning has changed. Everyday thousands of artist s are in the studio trying to come up with the next big hit, and it seems theese rappers will do anything to get their fifteen minutes in the limelight/ Even if it means tossing aside the original principles and ethics of Hip Hop. It is time for young rap artist, such as Chief Keef, to eliminate their promotionRead MoreHip Hop : A Cultural Movement And Popular Genre Of Music Essay1920 Words   |  8 Pagesthat there s some kind of unity in hip-hop. We all found something that s really important to us, and music is all we ve really got† – Missy Elliot. Hip-Hop is a cultural movement and popular genre of music that emerged during the early 1970 s by working class Black youths in New York City. The cultural movement has rapidly expanded across different countries and ethnicities over the years, becoming one of the few markers that define a generation. Hip-Hop can be seen as â €Å"the fundamental matrix

The Current System of Collegiate Athletics and the NCAA

The current system of collegiate athletics and the NCAA Meggyesy, David. Athletes In Big-time College Sport. society 37.3 (2000): 24-28. Print. The NCAA has become a revenue generator as college athletics have become a multi-billion dollar sports entertainment enterprise. The most prominent contradiction with the NCAA is that amateur rules are applied to the athletes, while the rules of the market apply to the university’s athletic departments. By classifying athletes as â€Å"amateur student athletes† the college athlete labor market does not fall under federal or state antitrust laws or state workers compensation laws. The NCAA member schools are allowed to set the wage for the student athlete and not give benefits to players who suffer injury. Due to the rewards being bestowed onto the NCAA member schools and not the student athletes who produce the product, this system can be described as exploitative. The student athlete receives an athletic scholarship with the intention that student athletes will receive a quality education for four years of athletic service. Though, the low graduation rates among the main revenue sports show that the university does not live up to end its end of the deal. Due to the rising tide of student athlete protests, the NCAA instituted Prop. 48, which changed the four year athletic scholarship to a one year renewable grant. This allowed the athletic departments and head coaches the ability to control a misbehaving player by terminating theirShow MoreRelatedOpinion Of Non-College Athletic Association821 Words   |  4 PagesOpinion: Non-College Athletic Association: Removing the C from the NCAA Intro In 2012, former Ohio State Buckeye and now current LA Rams quarterback, Cardale Jones, sent the college sports world a buzz with his infamous we came here to play FOOTBALL, we aint come to play SCHOOL tweet. In the weeks after, this tweet would ignite debates ranging from the amateur spirit of college sports-to the true purpose of athletics on campuses. One debate topic that always resurfaces every few monthsRead MoreThe National Collegiate Athletic Association1589 Words   |  7 PagesThe National Collegiate Athletic Association is a member-led organization that regulates the athletes of over 1,200 universities, conferences and organizations. The NCAA prides itself on dedicating themselves to the wellbeing and lifelong success of college athletes, believing and committing to core values and beliefs (NCAA). The NCAA’s main and most important task is to make sure that all students and institutions adhere to the extensive rules and regulations that the Association has created (Andrews)Read MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid For Their Athletic Participation?1663 Words   |  7 Pageswhether college athletes should be compensated for their athletic participation at universities. Under current NCAA policy, college athletes are compensated via scholarships. Scholarships are payments that are placed towards a student’s edu cation. These provide athlete’s food, board, and cover all education expenses. The NCAA provides approximately 1380,000 scholarships to Division I and II sports each year (US News).The majority of athletic scholarships must be renewed each year. In other wordsRead MoreFair Compensation For Student Athletes1554 Words   |  7 Pagesearly fall 2014 and this year’s NCAA collegiate sports season has taken off like a full court press. Dedicated fans of collegiate football and basketball will crowd into stadiums or huddle around their TV to proclaim their allegiance to a school of their choice. Regardless of their declarations, many fans and spectators will be pleased by the seasons end when only a handful of schools are declared the winners and able to clutch one of the prestigious and limited collegiate championship titles. EasilyRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?1375 Words   |  5 PagesThe NCAA dates back to the early 20th century when president Theodore Roo sevelt encouraged reforms to college football practices, which had resulted in a lot of injuries and deaths. Henry MacCracken of New York University arranged meetings about the football rules and regulations. On December 28, 1905 in New York, 62 education institutions became members of the IAAUS (Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States), which is now better known as the NCAA (National Collegiate Athletic Association)Read MoreMoney Problems1032 Words   |  5 PagesMehringer 6 April 2011 Money Problems Stated in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) constitution, â€Å"student-athletes shall be amateurs†¦ and should be protected from exploitation by professional and commercial enterprises,† yet every single college and university in the United States, which participates in inter-collegiate athletics, is the blood-sucking, hording creature that manipulates the its own laborer, the athlete (NCAA). These rules also include receiving any type of benefits suchRead MoreThe Business Of Amateur Sports1158 Words   |  5 PagesThe Business of Amateur Sports The commercialization of college athletics has created a strain on universities to move beyond simply providing an education in exchange for participation in sports. Proponents of paying athletes fail to understand college is about education. Creating or changing the current system which relies on playing for pride, would create vulnerabilities in how schools recruit, offer scholarships, and create institutions of learning. Students have complained schools have beenRead MoreThe Collegiate Athletic Association Of College Athletics1098 Words   |  5 PagesThe NCAA continues to prohibit payment to its student athletes, while its member universities continue to seek new ways to increase revenue from the athlete’s accomplishments. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) is the nonprofit governing body of college athletics. The primary task of the NCAA is to oversee the actions of all student athletes and universities to verify that both parties abide by the rules and regulations within the principles of amateurism, defined by the AssociationRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?1454 Words   |  6 Pagessports at the collegiate level. Many spectators of collegiate sports would affirm that the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) provides as much entertainment as professional sports; a fact that is prove to by the organization’s annual revenue, which nets more than $6 billion yearly (Fitzel, 3). Interestingly enough, National Basketball Association (NBA) generates less then college football and basketball (the value, 7). There is one key difference between the NBA and the NCAA. NBA playersRead MoreDo Athletes Deserve For Get Paid?1459 Words   |  6 PagesDo Athletes Deserve to Get Paid? There seems to have been a rise in scandals in collegiate athletics over the past few years. Many athletes get a notice from the NCAA that they have been suspended from their sports’ season or several games of the season. This may shock some people to know that these athletes are being suspended for getting free food, rides, money for clothing, etc. There have been several court cases involving student-athlete scandals and many are wondering how to get to the bottom

Logistics Management & Strategies of Zara-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Logistics Management and Strategies of Zara. Answer: Supply chain management is one of the vital managerial strategies of a company that helps it to achieve a significant position in the global market. Zara is one of the well known brands in the fashion industry. This report analyzes Zaras strategies and methods of logistics management, the customer values and its competitive advantage also understanding the influence and significance of supply chain management. The different approaches in manufacturing and supply chain patterns have been investigated along with the other related factors such as the organizational culture, innovation, education and knowledge management and disposition of core competence. With the help of this report, Zaras business strategy has been compared to the management of Dell and Myers. The purpose of this report is to analyze and understand the managerial strategies of Zara in comparison to Dell and Myers as well highlight on the factors, which is responsible for its competitive advantages. Introduction Zara is one of the well-known retail stores that exclusively serve women of various target market. Spanish born Amancio Ortega Gaona in the year of 1975 found and established it. The authentic store dealt with the products of the manufacturing company Zara and was outlet that handled the cancelled orders, which included the women nightwear. The company has been established in a strong foundation, based on the concept and realization of the association between a manufacturer and a retail trade. The prior concern of Zara and its parent company Inditex, is customer as well as demand centric supply chain (Myerson 2012). Although, Zara is a multinational company, the parent company Inditex own more than a hundred textile companies. Zara is only one of the flagships of the Inditex Branding. External analysis of Zara With reference to the PESTEL analysis and Porter 5 forces, Zaras competitive advantages as well as the internal and the external can be determined. The detailed analysis concerning Zara unveils that this company has been contending a tough competition with its other competitors, which are mainly, Gap, HM and Benetton, where all of them are battling for holding the biggest stakes in the Global market. All of the companies are at constant rivalry to achieve the title of the biggest fashion retail outlet (Williamson et al. 2013). However, the current economic scenario has completely changed the phrase that has lent a direct impact on the entire retail industry including these fashion retail companies. The shorter product life cycle combined with the unstable market, situations have completely shaken these companies, making it difficult for them to hold on to the grounds (Wagner III and Hollenbeck 2014). However, the strategic management of Zara is one of the key strengths that enabled this company to reach out to the customer despite the market downturn. The speed of the product delivery, the vertical integration as well as the implementation of the just-in time(JIT), along with the incorporation of the technologically advanced logistic systems has enabled the company to keep up to its expectations (Fernie and Sparks 2014). The combination of the primary tasks, the strategic utilization of the organizational resources as well as the understanding of the core competencies of the company is one of the major contributors in the achievement of Zaras competitive advantage. Contrast of Zara with Dell Zara and dell are two different yet successful companies with one being a manufacturer of Information Technology and the other being one of the leading producers in apparel and fashion (ap.dell.com 2017). Since both the companies are quite different from each other, it can be assumed that the supply chain management is also dissimilar from each other. The departments of designing, sourcing, manufacturing, distribution networks are the main functionalities of the supply chain management. However, the supply chain management of Dell is quite dissimilar from that of Zara. Dell follows a horizontally integrated supply chain management whereas Zara takes up the integration, which is just the opposite (Schnsleben 2016). Dell is completely isolated from the production process, as well as it depends on the third party supplier for the delivery of goods and the finished products. In contrast to it, Zara has complete and total control over the business from the designing to the manufacturing and the delivery (Christopher 2016). The absolute control of the company enables it to take charge and understand the changing trends in the changing fashion trends as well as understand the customer needs and preferences. This authority and control of Zara enabled it perform quick action regarding the changes in the designing and the production in comparatively shorter span of time (Dekker et al. 2013). However, it can also assumed that the horizontal integration system has its own benef its such as it can also be controlled at ease since minimum responsibilities are to be taken in the task of the assembling (Oakland 2014). On the other hand, Dell has to coordinate and synchronize with a number of different procedures to take the control over the entire process as well to make the necessary changes that would have been much easier (Rushton, Croucher and Baker 2014). Therefore, it can be considered that both the companies supply chain systems are corresponding to their nature and activities. Coming on the suppliers Zara has been following a vertical integration system in its supply chain and has exerted a control over the suppliers. This is effective, since the demand is easily met by the effective production, which is easily met. Dell, on the other hand manages to control its supply chains since fifteen of its major suppliers are instrumental in the completion of 86% of its entire production. Although, dell has a number of suppliers in the company list, but agility and precision is one of the major concerns of the company, since this company is also liable to its clients and customers. However, there are certain risks that are involved in the process, which includes the risks of uncertainty, insecurity, shortage in the resources and the goods as well as delay in the time of the delivery. Even after the lessening of the supply, Dell keeps its focus in the speed of the delivery, which is only possible since majority of the suppliers are positioned in close proximity to th e manufacturing units of the company (Alexander 2013). In contrast to the manufacturing philosophy, dell follows the principle of make to order strategy, which is primarily customized and done within a short span of time. These orders are taken and fulfilled based on the customers requirements at a sensible price. Most often the core competencies of the company and its partners including the other subsidiaries are leveraged with the other mediums such as the internet to help incorporate its value chain. This includes the advertising of the assortment ranges over the online portals and the official website to help the customers know about the brand and understand their needs and requirements for customization. On the other hand, Zara in prompt in the introduction of its new in line and launches pretty quickly. The ideology of more styles being reciprocal to the more number of choices is the primary concept behind the actions. The limitations in the exclusive inventories make the product exclusive and as a result, these products tend to se ll out fast. This strategy is one of the prime strategies to keep the customers keen and interested about the next in line of products that would be rolling out in the outlets. However, Zara does not believes in the advertising of its products, since they are not a keen believer in the building of a brand image, their main concern is meeting the needs and the requirements of the customers. The fewer inventories are thus facilitated by frequent footfalls by the customers who tend to look forward for new arrivals in the stores as well the respective region. With respect to the inventory management, Dell bears a low inventory cost with no additional cost in the warehouses, with a less time span of seven hours of the bearing the inventory instead of ten working days. On the contrary, Zara has a number of warehouses to circulate their products equally and efficiently among the various outlets. The distribution networks of Dell includes the companys distributors, the suppliers ad the customers. The business-to-business model of Dell allows its suppliers and customers to order and sell the products online. The company and its customers are directly linked and connected, which in turn upshots the transportation cost of Dell. On the other side, the products offered by Zara are shipped directly from the manufacturing site through its Logistics facility. However, the inventories are not confined to the outlets and are distributed as per the necessity and the needed frequency (Oakland 2012). Contrast of Zara with Myers Myers is one of the companies that has made no significant efforts to align its market with relevance to the demographic lines and the psychographic deviations of the customer buying pattern, whereas Zara has synchronized itself with demographic lines as well as the customer behavior. Zara has been branded as one of the most reputated brands in the fashion industry whereas the concept of Myers lingers in an ambiguous notation. Zara is a fashion brand that primarily caters the needs of women fashion, between an age group of 20-35 whereas Myers has established itself as a departmental outlet that offers an extensive collection of products and offerings with a comparatively compromising customer service (myer.com.au, 2017). Both the companies are focused on the strategic management of the supply chain divisions that currently operates for the occupational improvement and achievements. The logistics management is a chief source of customer satisfaction and achieving a greater competitive advantage. The supply chain management is the division that primarily deals with the relationships with the suppliers along with the customers to help deliver a best customer service in a cost effective manner. The logistics are fundamental in meeting the demands and requirements of the customers with low cost, thus the maintenance of the stockpile along with the customer service is one of the fundamental subject of supply chain management (West, Ford and Ibrahim 2015). The Just in time strategy is a crucial pioneer approach of the Japanese technology, which efficiently monitors the inventory of the company. It has been observed that using this specific approach the wastes can be eliminated by the minimization of the inventory costs, the time for the production and effectively decreasing the defects (Madsen and Walker 2015). In the current scenario, JIT (Just in Time) is one such approach that is being used by most of the companies and their manufacturing units, to lean down the inventory cost across the supply and chain management divisions (Goetsch and Davis 2014). Zara has reached its pinnacle, using the same strategy, technology as well as the principle concepts, prioritizing customer value. Therefore, it can be highlighted that Zara has effectively adopted these lean and agile strategies to help it achieve its objectives, as a reputated fashion brand in the Global market. Zaras competitive advantages The World Retail Congress, due to its effective and efficient practice in the international retail industry, has titled Inditex as the International retailer of the year. It has also received the highest rating in the Global Stock Exchange due to its social responsible investments. These tributes signify that Zara has been constantly evolving itself and expanding its business, in the Global market (McGrath 2013). Zara has been constantly under pursuit of innovations and inventions, which is one crucial cause for the achievement of a higher competitive advantage, in the current customer centric market. Zaras efforts for the development of new product lines and innovations have been acclaimed globally along with its leadership in customer service (Peteraf, Gamble and Thompson Jr 2014). Every successful business understands the significance of partnerships and alliances with respect to the supply chain management, which is undeniably one of the principle strengths of Zara. The consisten t efforts to improve, innovate and collaborate as well as customer centric approaches by Zara are its main strength of establishment as a Brand. Finally, the brand credit and reliability holds less authority in the current global market. The brand value is one source of understanding the competitive advantage. The value chain demonstrates brand value that Zara as acquired in the end. Some of online sources positions Zara in the number if 219 amongst the top Global brands all across the world. HM is ranked as the highest with being positioned in the 89th place, with a gap of 425 in between the two brands, whereas Benetton fails to leave its mark. Zara is being positioned at the same level with Dove and MS and advances in comparison to Sanyo, Hyundai and Colgate, in the list of top grossing international brands (zara.com 2017). Conclusion With the help of this report, it can be concluded that supply chain management is one of the vital managerial strategy of a company that helps it to achieve a significant position in the global market. Zaras supply chain management analyzes and investigates about its intricate value chain. It customer centric strategies and services, just in time methods, advanced technologies, logistic management tactics as well as its vertical integration has been adopted from its parent company and is inarguably the key strategies of its success. The contribution of its supply chain management system, combined with the innovations, collaborations as well as sufficient knowledge have equal involvement in the success of Zara and its establishment as a brand References Alexander, K. ed., 2013.Facilities management: theory and practice. Routledge. ap.dell.com (2017).Dell Australia Official Site | Dell Australia. [online] Www1.ap.dell.com. Available at: https://www1.ap.dell.com/content/default.aspx?c=aul=cns=genst=dell%20australiaVEN1=sGgAWlBX0%2C238250829983%2C9015m67626%2Ccpdv=cDURL=http%3A%2F%2Faltfarm.mediaplex.com%2Fad%2Fck%2F13669-85385-3840-0%3FVEN2=e%2Cdell+australiadgc=stdgseg=csb/hsbacd=10589631962341420VEN3=412604077193701928 [Accessed 9 Dec. 2017]. Christopher, M., 2016.Logistics supply chain management. Pearson UK. Dekker, R., Fleischmann, M., Inderfurth, K. and van Wassenhove, L.N. eds., 2013.Reverse logistics: quantitative models for closed-loop supply chains. Springer Science Business Media. Fernie, J. and Sparks, L., 2014.Logistics and retail management: emerging issues and new challenges in the retail supply chain. Kogan page publishers. Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 2014.Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson. Madsen, T.L. and Walker, G., 2015.Modern competitive strategy. McGraw Hill. McGrath, R.G., 2013.The end of competitive advantage: How to keep your strategy moving as fast as your business. Harvard Business Review Press. myer.com.au (2017).Myer. [online] Myer. Available at: https://www.myer.com.au/ [Accessed 9 Dec. 2017]. Myerson, P., 2012.Lean supply chain and logistics management. New York: McGraw-Hill. Oakland, J.S., 2012.Oakland on quality management. Routledge. Oakland, J.S., 2014.Total quality management and operational excellence: text with cases. Routledge. Peteraf, M., Gamble, J. and Thompson Jr, A., 2014.Essentials of strategic management: The quest for competitive advantage. McGraw-Hill Education. Rushton, A., Croucher, P. and Baker, P., 2014.The handbook of logistics and distribution management: Understanding the supply chain. Kogan Page Publishers. Schnsleben, P., 2016.Integral logistics management: operations and supply chain management within and across companies. CRC Press. Wagner III, J.A. and Hollenbeck, J.R., 2014.Organizational behavior: Securing competitive advantage. Routledge. West, D.C., Ford, J. and Ibrahim, E., 2015.Strategic marketing: creating competitive advantage. Oxford University Press, USA. Williamson, P.J., Ramamurti, R., Fleury, A. and Fleury, M.T.L. eds., 2013.The competitive advantage of emerging market multinationals. Cambridge University Press. zara.com (2017).ZARA Official Website. [online] Zara.com. Available at: https://www.zara.com/ [Accessed 9 Dec. 2017].

Listeria Monocytogenes free essay sample

The bacterium was named monocytogenes because one distinguish characteristic of infection in rabbits, which was the production of monocytosis in blood (Shuin et al. , 1982). L. monocytogenes is phychrophilic, has a temperature for growth of 0Â °C to 45Â °C (Barbosa et al. 1994), and enjoys a competitive advantage against other gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms in cold environments, such as refrigerators. Recent investigations indicate that the organism can initiate growth at pH values as low as 4. 4. Also, it grows optimally at water activity of 0. 97. For the majority of strains, the minimum water activity needed for growth is 0. 93 (Lou et al. , 1999); however, some strains may be able to grow at water activity values as low as 0. 90 and survive for long periods of time at 0. 83 (Shahamat et al. , 1980). L. onocytogenes is able to grow in the presence of 10 to 12% sodium chloride; it grows to high populations in moderate salt concentrations (6. 5%). The bacterium survival in high-salt environments is significantly increased by lowering the temperature. We will write a custom essay sample on Listeria Monocytogenes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Route of Exposure L. monocytogenes is particularly interesting as a foodborne pathogen in that it is ubiquitous in nature. The current understanding of human listeriosis epidemiology suggests that the organism is a common contaminant of food products. This contamination usually takes place on the surface of the products, with up to 15% harboring the organism. The presence of L. monocytogenes in the food processing chain is evidence by the widespread distribution of the listeriae in processed products. Occurrence of sporadic listeriosis appears to be more common in the spring and summer months. This could be explained by seasonal variations in the type of food products eaten by human populations, with higher-risk products eaten in the warmer months. Some outbreaks investigations suggest that certain ready-to-eat processed foods pose a high risk of contracting listeriosis for susceptible populations. These foods are usually preserved by refrigeration and offer an ppropriate environment for the multiplication of L. monocytogenes during manufacture, aging, transportation and storage. The entry of L. monocytogenes into food processing plants occurs through soil on clothing or equipments, contaminated hides or surfaces, and possibly healthy human carriers. The humidity and presence of nutrients support the growth of Listeria, which is commonly found in moist areas such as processing equipment, drains, etc (Cox et al. , 1989). In addition, Listeria can attach to different types of surfaces and biofilm formation has been observed in meat and dairy processing environment (Jeong et al. 1994). Post-processing contamination is the most likely route of contamination of processed foods. Currently, there is no evidence to indicate that L. monocytogenes can survive heat processing protocols. However, because it is a frequent contaminant of raw material used in food processing plants, there are plenty opportunities for reintroduction of listeriae into food processing facilities by cross contamination (Doyle, 1988). If the product is contaminated during its elaboration, the bacteria can survive and multiply throughout storage causing disease when it is consumed. In conclusion, epidemiologic investigations have repeatedly revealed that the consumption of contaminated food is the primary mode of transmission of listeriosis. Food has been identified as the vehicle of several major outbreaks of listeriosis investigated since 1981. Food Associated Some of the food products associated with L. monocytogenes include unpasteurized milk and products prepared from unpasteurized milk, soft cheeses, frankfurters, delicatessen meats and poultry products, and some seafood. Raw milk is a well-known source of L. monocytogenes. Pasteurization effectively inactivates this organism. However, fluid milk that is contaminated after pasteurization and stored under refrigeration may achieve very high populations of L. monocytogenes after one week; Furthermore, temperature abuse may enhance the multiplication of bacterial cells. L. monocytogenes can also be found in cheese because of its relative hardiness to temperature fluctuations, ability to multiply at refrigeration temperature and salt tolerance. During manufacturing process, L. monocytogenes is primarily concentrate in the cheese curd, with only a very small portion of cells appearing in the whey. Then, during ripening of the cheese, the numbers of cells may increase (Camembert), decrease gradually (Colby or cheddar), or decrease rapidly (blue cheese) and then stabilize. In addition, cooked and ready-to-eat meat and poultry products have been implicated as the source of sporadic and epidemic listeriosis on several occasions in North America and Europe (Schwartz et al. , 1989). L. monocytogenes attaches strongly to the surface of raw meats and is difficult to remove or inactivate. The multiplication in meat and poultry depends on the type of meat, pH, and the type of cell populations of competitive flora (Farber et al. 1999). However, it has been shown that poultry supports the growth of L. monocytogenes better than other meats. Furthermore, the incidence of L. monocytogenes in ready-to-eat products has become a major concern for the meat processing industry. Ready-to-eat meat products that have been received a heat treatment followed by cooling in brine before packaging may provide a particularly conducive environment for multiplication of L. monocytogenes because of the reduction in competitive flora and the high salt tolerance of the organism. L. onocytogenes has also been isolated from domestic and imported, fresh, frozen, and processed seafood products, including crustaceans, molluscan shellfish and finfish (Jinneman et al. , 1999). However, seafood consumption is still much less when with consumption of meats and cheeses. Also, the production of seafood products is done on a much smaller scale than meat and cheese manufacture. This may be the reason that large outbreaks have not been reported and that case-control studies have not identified this group as a major risk of listeriosis (Rocourt et al. 2000) Characteristics of the disease Human disease usually occurs in high risk groups, who have a predisposing disease that leads to impairment of their T-cell mediated immunity. However, may occasionally occur in individuals with no predisposing conditions. Some of the high risk groups may include pregnant woman, neonates, and immunocompromised adults (Goulet et al. , 1996). On average, there are 0. 7 cases of listeriosis per 100,000 people, but the disease is seen three times higher in the elderly (gt;70) and 17 times higher in pregnant women. A wide variety of clinical syndromes have been associated with L. monocytogenes in both humans and animals. In healthy individuals, the disease can take the form of mild to substantial flu-like symptoms, including: fever, fatigue, nausea, cramps, vomiting and diarrhea. More severe complications can include: encephalitis, septicemia, mononucleosis-like syndrome, pneumonia, endocarditis, aortic aneurysm, hepatitis, urethritis, rhombencephalitis, peritonitis, liver abscess, febrile gastroenteritis, CAPD peritonitis, septic arthritis, etc. (Dalton et al. , 1997). Lonocytogenes in pregnant women can lead to an intrauterine infection, resulting in stillbirths and miscarriages. Newborns can develop meningitis after birth via transplacental transmission. The onset time for serious complications of listeriosis can be anywhere from a couple of days to three weeks. Mortality of untreated infections is among the highest of all foodborne illnesses, 70 percent. The infective dose of L. monocytogenes is not yet known, it is related to variables, including: strain, susceptibility of the victim, type food from which is was consumed, etc. Mode of Action Listeria monocytogenes is the most invasive bacteria known. The principal site of infection is the liver, but it can invade many cell lines of different types (microphages, fibroblast, hepatocytes and epithelial cells). Listeria monocytogenes infects the host via oral route. Once the bacteria are ingested, they reach the intestine and are translocated between enterocytes and M cells (Pron et al. , 1998); however, the intestinal dendritic cells in the Peyer’s patches appear to be the preferred site for invasion and multiplication (Kolb-Maurer et al. 2000). Bacteria are then internalized by resident macrophages, in which they can survive and replicate. They are subsequently transported via the blood to regional lymph nodes. When they reach the liver and the spleen, most listeriae are rapidly killed. Depending on the level of T-cell response induced in the first days following initial infection, further dissemination via the blood to the brain or, in the pregnant individuals, the placenta may subsequently occur. In addition, bacteria are internalized in membrane-bound vacuoles, which are lysed within 30 minutes. Intracellular bacteria are released to the cytosol and begin to multiply with doubling time of about one hour. These intracytoplasmic bacteria become progressively covered by a cloud of cell actin filaments that later rearrange into a polarized comet tail up to 40 ? m in length (Crossart, 1995). The actin comet tail is made of actin microfilaments that are continuously assembled in the vicinity of the bacterium, then realeased and cross-linked. The entire bacteria cycle is completed in about 5 hours. If cytochalasin D is added after entry, bacteria do not spread within the cytosol. They replicate and form microcolonies in the vicinity of the nucleus. Hence, actin polymerization is essential to intracellular movement and cell-to-cell spreading. In summary, the pathogenic mechanism of L. monocytogenes involves the following steps: adhesion to the host cells, lysis of the phagosome, replication in the host cytoplasm, actin-based intracellular movement and propulsion, and the intercellular spread. Biotransformation Listeria monocytogenes is of interest to a board range of investigators, including food microbiologist, clinicians, immunologist, medical microbiologist, and even cell biologist because it is developing resistance to most currently used antibiotics. In the past, individuals who develop listeriosis have usually been treated with penicillin or ampicillin in conjunction with an aminoglycoside (Charpentier et al. , 1999), although tetracycline, erythromycin or chloramphenicol, alone or in combination, has also been used (Hof et al. , 1991). More recently, reports of resistance in Listeria spp. have been published. Such increases in antibiotic resistance have been linked to over-use of antibiotics in animals and humans (Rao, 1998) since these therapeutic compounds were identified nearly 60 years ago. This resistance may arise from a mutation in an intrinsic chromosomal gene, or by acquisition of exogenous genetic material carrying single or multiple resistance determinants (Levy, 1994). It is now clear that such transfer is possible between unrelated bacterial species (Kruse et al. 1994), and that these interactions are a frequent and important means of genetic exchanges among microorganisms. In conclusion, it is evident that antibiotic resistance is becoming more and more widely reported in all bacteria. Control and Prevention Because L. monocytogenes can grow at refrigerator temperatures, the Center of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) advise all consumers to reduce the risk of illness by using a refrigerator thermometer to make sure that the refrigerator always stays at 40 Â °F or below and using perishable items that are precooked or ready-to-eat as soon as possible (CDC, 2005). For high risk groups it is recommended to not consume hot dogs and luncheon meats, unless they are reheated until steaming hot; not eat soft cheese such as Feta, Brie, and Camembert cheeses, unless it is labeled as made with pasteurized milk; not eat refrigerated smoked seafood, unless it is contained in a cooked dish; and not drink raw (unpasteurized) milk or eat foods that contain unpasteurized milk. Therapy When listeriosis is a likely diagnosis, the use of ampicillin or, in penicillin-allergic patients, vancomycin will provide empiric coverage for L. onocytogenes until the diagnosis is made by culture. Once listeriosis is confirmed, a combination of ampicillin and gentamicin is the current therapy of choice for all forms of listeriosis. The duration of the treatment for invasive listeriosis has not been studied. Relapses appear to be uncommon, and two to three weeks of therapy with ampicillin and gentamicin is sufficient for most forms of listeriosis. Rhombencephalitis with abscess formation in the central nervous system may require more prolonged therapy, but data are not available that support treatment beyond four weeks (Lorber, 1997).